Vorträge

Mazzarella, Diana & Filippo Domaneschi (ZAS & U Genoa): Presuppositional effects and ostensive-inferential communication

Hirsch, Aron (McGill U): Deconstructing 'only'

Kauf, Carina (U Göttingen): Towards a new analysis of counteridenticals

Sun, Chao (ZAS/UCL): Scalar Implicature: Gricean Reasoning and Local Enrichment

Bade, Nadine (U Tübingen): Additives as a window into exhaustivity implicatures

Hirsch, Aron (McGill U): Towards an inflexible semantics for cross-categorial operators

Anvari, Amir (Institut Jean Nicod): Logical Integrity: from Maximize Presupposition! to Mismatching Implicatures

Menendez-Benito, Paula (U Tübingen): Reasoning and Evidence: Sources and Direction

Haider, Hubert (U Salzburg): Es gibt derzeit mehr als nur 189 Sprachen ohne Platz in der Syntaxtheorietheorie

Corver, Norbert (UiL-OTS, Utrecht U): Getting imaginative with a brain full of adverbs

List, Charleen (U Liverpool): Testing the (Extended) Optional Infinitive Hypothesis: From Corpora to Elicitation Experiments

Vortrag von Galit Weidman Sassoon: fällt aus!

Vortrag von Carina Kauf (U Göttingen): wird verschoben

Chan, Angel (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University): Comprehension of Subject and Object Relative Clauses in a Trilingual Acquisition Context

Stepikhov, Anton (Saint Petersburg State University): Personality, Working Memory Capacity and Expert Manual Annotation of Spontaneous Speech

Rothschild, Daniel (University College London): Partial Logic and Anaphora

Yasu Sudo (University College London): The semantic role of classifiers in Japanese

Ebert, Cornelia (Leibniz-ZAS, Berlin): Temporal sequence and information status

van Egmond, Marie-Elaine (U Greifswald): Enindhilyakwa (Australia) gender and other noun categorization systems

Mitrovic, Moreno (U of Cyprus): Atypically complex disjunctions

Heim, Irene (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): Type Economy

Swanson, Eric (U Michigan): 'Black Lives Matter', 'White People Are Anxious', and Omissive Implicature

Roeper, Tom (U Massachusetts Amherst): Strict Syntax/Semantic Interfaces and Ellipsis: an explanatory role for acquisition theory

Florian Schwarz (University of Pennsylvania): (A-)Symmetry in presupposition projection: Experimental data on conjunction and disjunction

Beaver, David & Jason Stanley (U of Texas & Yale U): How to do more things with words

Bücking, Sebastian (U Tübingen): 'mit' as a free particle

Bergmann, Pia (U Essen): ‚weiß nich‘ und ‚keine Ahnung‘ im Gespräch – Diskursfunktionen und phonetische Realisierung

Marinis, Theo (U of Reading): Sentence processing in sequential bilingual children: asymmetries between on-line comprehension vs. production

Lechner, Winfried (Kapodistrias-Universität Athen): A calculus for reconstruction and anti-reconstruction

Vlachos, Christos (Queen Mary, U London): Unselected Embedded wh-Questions

Scontras, Greg (University of California at Irvine): Ambiguity resolution in heritage grammars

Scontras, Greg (University of California at Irvine): The strategic use of noise in ambiguity resolution

Kornfilt, Jaklin (Syracuse U.): “Japanese-type” Turkic languages do have distinct clausal N-Complement and RC constructions

Koopman, Hilda (UCLA): The SSWL database project

Johnson, Kyle (ZAS Fellow 2017) (University of Massachusetts Amherst): QR and Hydras

Johnson, Kyle (ZAS Fellow 2017) (University of Massachusetts Amherst): Amalgams and Linearization

Tsoulas, George (University of York): Predicative possessives and DP internal floating quantifiers in English

Johnson, Kyle (ZAS Fellow 2017) (University of Massachusetts Amherst): Syntax Beyond Trees

Johnson, Kyle (ZAS Fellow 2017) (University of Massachusetts Amherst): Sluices: Connecting its syntax to its semantics

Roberts, Craige (Ohio State U): Indexicality: Center and Perspective abstract

Treffers-Daller, Jeanine (U Reading): Turkish-German code-switching patterns revisited: what naturalistic data can(not) tell us

Öhl, Peter (U Tübingen): What is an 'indirect question'? 'ob' and 'denn' in German interrogatives

Moskal, Beata (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main): Phonological effects of morphological locality

Anastasia Giannakidou (U Chicago): Knowledge, evidence, and veridicality: why MUST is definitely weak

Jason Merchant (U Chicago): Roots, categorizers, and nonuniform selection

Eisenbeiss, Sonja (U Köln): Untersuchungen zum Erwerb von grammatischen Markierungen in indischen Sprachen

Harrington, Jonathan (LMU München): Phonetic asymmetry, speaker imitation, and sound change

Pires de Oliveira, Roberta (UFSC Florianopolis, Brazil): Bare Nouns and the mass count distinction in contemporary semantics

Kentner, Gerrit (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main): Prosodic syntax in German: evidence from language production and sentence comprehension in reading

Pankau, Andreas (Freie Universität Berlin): Quirky Subjects -- A Relational Account

Georgi, Doreen (U. Potsdam): On prominence scale interactions in agreement

Gehrke, Berit (CNRS, U Paris-Diderot): 'Good' as an evaluative intensifier

Döring, Sandra (U Leipzig): Eine morphosyntaktische Analyse von 'außer'

Wolfgang Klein (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften): Über 'schon' und 'noch'

Koornneef, Arnout (U Leiden): On Implicit causality, proactive reading and good-enough processing: Is there a coherent story?

Beinhoff, Bettina (Anglia Ruskin U, Cambridge): Social and phonetic aspects in speech perception within the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

Korsah, Sampson & Andrew Murphy (U. Leipzig): What can tone tell us about successive-cyclic movement? Evidence from Asante Twi

Nadine Balbach (Tübingen/ZAS), Jeremy Hartmann & Tom Roeper (UMASS): Every doctor but my mother - new findings about exceptions in L1-acquistion

Hertwig, Ralph (MPI für Bildungsforschung): Why psycholoigsts are obsessed with Linda

Fominyam, Henry & Radek Simik (U Potsdam & HU Berlin): The morphosyntax of exhaustive focus: a view from Awing (Grassfields Bantu)

Haida, Andreas (Hebrew University of Jerusalem): A surface-scope analysis of authoritative readings of modified numerals

Gukh, Zhanna (DAAD-Stipendiatin aus Syktywkar, Republik Komi/Russland): Überlegungen zu einfachen und zusammengesetzten Formen des deutschen Verbs: eine sprecherstandortbasierte Perspektive

Adger, David (Queen Mary U): The death of a language from the perspective of modern syntactic theory

Adger, David (Queen Mary U): Immemorious Merge

Adger, David (Queen Mary U): Roll up, Roll Up, There's Nothing to See

Kratochvíl, František, Boban Arsenijević & Joanna Ut-Seong Sio (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore & U Potsdam & Nanyang Technological U, Singapore): Equative and similative demonstratives in Abui (Papuan) and beyond

Adger, David (Queen Mary U): A Menagerie of Merges

Adger, David (Queen Mary U): Structure of Babel

Ehrenhofer, Lara (U Maryland, College Park): Cue placement in German may allow kids to bypass syntactic revision

Trotzke, Andreas (U Konstanz/Stanford): The grammar of emphasis: new evidence from German

Matthewson, Lisa (U of British Columbia): Against all expectations in St’át’imcets

Matthewson, Lisa (U of British Columbia): Können alle Sprachen dieselben Bedeutungen ausdrücken?

Vanrell Bosch, Maria del Mar (FU Berlin): Workshop Transcription and analysis of intonation using the ToBI system

Gerstner-Link, Claudia (U München): Kilmeri (Papua Neuguinea): Orientation in Time

Preminger, Omer (U Maryland): What the PCC tells us about abstract Agreement, head movement and locality

Solberg, Per Erik (U Oslo): Long-distance reflexives and the event-semantics of perspective shift

Grosu, Alex (Tel Aviv U): A case study in ((In)definiteness and (in)determninacy: Free relatives versus 'Transparent' free relatives.

Schalley, Andrea (Griffith U): 'Go back to where you came from' - the lexical semantics of 'refugee', 'asylum seeker', and 'boat people' in Australian English

Arsenijevic, Boban (U Potsdam): Fixing gender, changing class: hybrid agreement in Russian.

Deo, Ashwini (Yale U): Understanding semantic change

Zimmermann, Ilse: Das 'Korrelat' in temporalen Nebensätzen

Öhl, Peter (BU Wuppertal): THAT vs IF - On the semantics of complementizers

Krajinovic, Ana (HU Berlin): Temporal and conditional clauses in Malabar Indo-Portuguese

Gibbs, Raymond W. (U of California, Santa Cruz): Is A General Theory of Utterance Interpretation Really Possible?

Rothstein, Susan (Bar-Ilan U): Object mass nouns from a crosslinguistics perspective

Landman, Fred (Tel Aviv U): Iceberg Semantics for Count Nouns and Mass Nouns: The Evidence from Portions

Nevins, Andrew (University College London): Where Can Linearity Trump Hierarchy in Syntax?

Trinh, Tue (U Milwaukee): A note on substitution sources

Trinh, Tue (U Milwaukee): When is not not not?

Doliana, Aaron & Sandhya Sundaresan (U Leipzig): Control under modality: 'proxy control' and exceptions to Visser’s Generalisation

Westergaard, Marit (U Tromsø): The size of rules & the role of complexity, economy and frequency

Steriopolo, Elena (U Kyjiw): Komparative Phonetik des Deutschen und Ukrainischen

Lima, Suzi (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro): Let context define what you count

Truckenbrodt, Hubert (ZAS Berlin): A new approach to Ersatzinfinitiv (IPP) and German head-final VPs in the theory of Fox and Pesetsky (2005)

Gärdenfors, Peter (U Lund): From a cognitive model of events to the semantics of word classes

Panagiotidis, E. Phoevos (U Cyprus): Variably translucent morphology: from roots to verbs

Harley, Heidi (U of Arizona): Suppressing subject arguments in Hiaki

Tomaszewicz, Barbara (U Köln): Focus association revealed in reading times

Schlenker, Philippe (Institut Jean-Nicod, CNRS; New York University): Visible Meaning: Signs vs. Gestures

Müller, Gereon (U Leipzig): Structure Removal in Complex Prefields

Spathas, Giorgos (HU Berlin): Gendered Nouns and Nominal Ellipsis in Greek

Safir, Ken (Rutgers U): Voices in the Verb Spine – the place of reciprocity and reflexivity

Safir, Ken (Rutgers U): It's a conspiracy! The A/A'-distinction as an Epiphenomenon

Vasishth, Shravan (U Potsdam): Workshop 'Hypothesis testing using linear mixed effects models'

Bücking, Sebastian (U Tübingen): Toward a compositional semantics of ‘insofern als’ in German

Szekely, Rachel (Long Island U): Negation and the zero of magnitude

Crnič, Luca (HU Jerusalem): Observations on exceptives

Knott, Alistair (U of Otago, New Zealand): Sensorimotor cognition and Minimalist syntax

Zimmermann, Malte (U Potsdam): Scalar Particles, Presuppositions, and implications for the analysis of Contrastive Topics: A cross-linguistic investigation of English and Vietnamese. (SIAS Summer Institute)

Chemla, Emmanuel (Ecole Normale Supérieure): Simple Priming Studies (SIAS Summer Institute)

Matthewson, Lisa (U of British Columbia): On how to manage Gitksan discourse (and why German discourse is not quite the same) (SIAS Summer Institute)

Sauerland, Uli (ZAS Berlin): Eliminating Negation, Assignment-Sequences, and Questions (SIAS Summer Institute)

Pearson, Hazel (ZAS Berlin): The de se/de re distinction in the field and in the lab (SIAS Summer Institute)

de Hoop, Helen (U Nijmegen): The use and processing of ‘incorrect’ comparative marking in Dutch

Domaneschi, Filippo (U Konstanz): Bias in Polar Questions

Fintel, Kai von (MIT): Variable costs

Xiang, Yimei (Harvard U): Uniqueness, Mention-Some, and Mention-All

Prince, Kilu von (HU Berlin): Many-world Conditionals

Chierchia, Gennaro (U Harvard): Mass Nouns: is vagueness the right idea

Chierchia, Gennaro (U Harvard): Weak Crossover: Problem or mystery?

Snedeker, Jesse (Harvard U): Clean Mapping: A story about how conceptual structure could guide language acquisition (and some data suggesting that it just might be true)

Brocher, Andreas (U Köln): Information status and uniqueness status affect referent processing in comprehension and production

Berezovskaya, Polina (U Tübingen): The Positive Puzzle in the Semantics of Nenets Comparison Constructions

Arsenijevic, Boban (U Potsdam): Individual- and situation-relatives: enriching descriptions, restricting reference and feeding incorporation

Doetjes, Jenny (Leiden U): Measure phrases and cross-polar (a)nomalies

Grano, Tom (Indiana U): Commitments under (and out of) control: Form and meaning in the grammar of intention reports

Križ, Manuel (U Wien): Pluralities, Questions, and Homogeneity

Spector, Benjamin (Institut Jean Nicod Paris): Assigning properties to complex objects: homogeneity, non-maximality and vagueness

Zimmermann, Ilse (Potsdam): Wie viel Syntax braucht die Semantik? Zur Syntax und Semantik der Satzeinbettung

Spector, Benjamin (Institut Jean Nicod Paris): Modified numerals and maximality

Spector, Benjamin (Institut Jean Nicod Paris): How do scalar implicatures and presuppositions interact?

Allen, Shanley (TU Kaiserslautern): The effect of discourse-pragmatics on referential choice

Onea, Edgar (U Göttingen): Questions and Discourse Structure. Coordination and Subordination in Discourse

Blühdorn, Hardarik (IDS Mannheim): Syntaktische Integration nicht-satzförmiger Adverbialia im Deutschen und im brasilianischen Portugiesisch

Gotzner, Nicole (ZAS Berlin): Fokusalternativen: Repräsentation und Inferenzen (Disputation)

Cognola, Federica (U Trento): On extraction, word order and information structure in Dinka and Mòcheno.

O’Donnell, Timothy J. (MIT): Productivity and Reuse in Language

Erlewine, Michael Y. (McGill U): Backwards association: data, theory, and implications

Kratzer, Angelika (U Massachusetts, Amherst): The semantics of embedding

Ott, Denis (HU Berlin): Appositives as elliptical disjuncts

Tonhauser, Judith (ZAS Berlin): Implicit nominal arguments in Paraguayan Guarani

Sudo, Yasu (UCL): Presupposed ignorance and exhaustification: or how scalar implicatures and presuppositions interact

Pittner, Karin (U Bochum): Subsidiäre Begründungen - Kausalsätze mit Verberst-Stellung im Deutschen

Goodhue, Dan & Michael Wagner (McGill U): The contradiction contour in responses to yes/no questions

Meier, Cecile (U Frankfurt): Amount relatives are hidden Equatives

Wechsler, Stephen (U Texas): Self ascription in conjunct-disjunct systems

Korotkova, Natasha (UCLA): Varieties of evidential shift

Yanovich, Igor (U Tübingen): The typology of variable-force modality

Sode, Frank (ZAS Berlin): Verbal mood and preference comparatives

Szabolcsi, Anna (New York U / ILLC, UvA): What do quantifier particles do?

Szabolcsi, Anna (New York U / ILLC, UvA): Compositionality without word boundaries

Nygaard, Lynne (Emory U (Atlanta, Georgia)): Words and voices: Listener-talker attunement in spoken language

Schäfer, Martin (U Jena): Modeling the semantic transparency of English compound nouns

Thieberger, Nick (U Melbourne): Lost and found–invisible collections in the other 7000 languages

Crnič, Luka (Hebrew U, Jerusalem): On some predictions of the exhaustification approach to NPI licensing

Crnič, Luka (Hebrew U, Jerusalem): Remarks on Slovenian degree constructions

Szendroi, Kriszta (U College London): The acquisition of prosodic focus marking by English, French and German children

Zeijlstra, Hedde (U Göttingen): The landscape of (universal) NPIs and PPIs.

Sode, Frank (HU Berlin & ZAS): Verbmodus und Satzmodus: Zum semantischen Beitrag des Konjunktivs in der freien indirekten Rede. Disputation zur Dissertation

Csipak, Eva (U Göttingen): Free factive subjunctives, decisions, and possible worlds

Bochnak, Ryan (U Berkeley): The semantics of degree and cross-linguistic variation

Vanrell Bosch, Maria del Mar (FU Berlin): The role of prosody and particles in marking sensory evidence

Sassoon, Galit & Ulrike Hahn (Bar Ilan U & Birckbeck U of London): Questions and Similarity

Kabak, Barış (U Würzburg): Word Stress Controversy at the Phonology-Morphosyntax Interface

Knoepke, Julia (U Kassel): Do primary school children ignore concessive connectives in text comprehension?

Schwarz, Florian (U Pennsylvania): Embedded Presuppositions: Experimental Investigations of Projection and Local Accommodation

Meinschaefer, Judith (FU Berlin): Alignment patterns in Romance word prosody: Change as constraint re-ranking

Salfner, Fabienne (HU): Syntaktische Position und kommunikative Funktion von Mäßig-Adverbialen (Disputation)

I Wayan Arka (Australian National U, Canberra): Voice without voice morphology in the Austronesian languages of Flores, Indonesia

Kügler, Frank (U Potsdam): Phonological phrasing and ATR vowel harmony in Akan

Schroeder, Sascha (MPI für Bildungsforschung Berlin): Implicit causality in pronoun resolution: Differences between verb types and developmental trends

Podobryaev, Alexander (MIT): Person features of singulars and plurals: lessons from imposters

Sundaresan, Sandhya (U Leipzig): A Plea for Syntax: Monstrous Agreement

Ivlieva, Natasha (Institut Jean Nicod (CNRS / ENS)): Plurals and Multiplicity

Schwarz, Anne (ZAS): Quoted and reported speech in Secoya

Krifka, Manfred (HU Berlin & ZAS): What do 'yes' and 'no' mean? A project in experimental pragmatics (Berlin School of Mind&Brain, Luisenstr. 56, R. 123)

Truswell, Robert (U of Ottawa): Scope, binding, and what's beyond the surface

Modarresi, Fereshteh (HU Berlin): Disputation: Interpretation and discourse effects of bare nouns in Persian (Dorotheenstr. 24, Raum 3.246)

Spychalska, Maria (U Bochum): Processing of scalar imImplicatures in a truth-value judgment task: Evidence form event-related brain potentials

Choonkyu Lee (U Utrecht): Different kinds of plural pronouns in narrative discourse

Krifka. Manfred: Focus in questions

Panizza, Daniele (U Göttingen): Some Implicatures take their time: An ERP study on scalar implicatures with 'sentence-picture vs. picture-sentence' verification task

Rossdeutscher, Antje (U Stuttgart): Hidden universal quantification in German particle and prefix-verbs

Kaufmann, Göz (U Freiburg): What Verb Clusters can tell us about other Syntactic Phenomena in Mennonite Low German

Köpcke, Klaus-Michael (U Münster): Output-oriented Strategies in L2 Acquisition of Plural Marking in German by Children with L1 Turkish or Russian

Umbach, Carla (ZAS Berlin): Zum Ausdruck von Ähnlichkeit im Deutschen (Vortrag zur Umhabilitation)

Troyke-Lekschas, Stephanie (HU Berlin): Satzeinbettung bei deutschen Geräuschverben

Hirschberg, Tim (U Frankfurt): Skopusverhalten von nicht-restriktiven Relativsätzen und Parenthesen

Wierzba, Marta & Radek Simik (U Potsdam): The relation between information structure, prosody, and word order in Slavic - a crosslinguistic experimental study

Malisz, Zofia (U Bielefeld): Measuring temporal coordination in speech, gesture and dialogue

Pankau, Andreas (U Frankfurt): A syntactic argument for the Matching Analysis of relative clauses

Westergaard, Marit (Tromsö U) & Yulia Rodina (U Oslo): Grammatical gender in bilingual and monolingual acquisition: Norwegian and Russian

Hinterhölzl, Roland (U Ca' Focari, Venedig): On the parallelism between syntactic structure and metrical structure

Kell, Christian A. (Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt): What lateralizes speech processing? Contributions of the left and the right cerebral hemisphere to speech perception and production

Truckenbrodt, Hubert (ZAS): Stress reconstruction and syntactic reconstruction

Wellwood, Alexis (U Maryland): What 'meaning' can (and probably should) mean

McNabb, Yaron (U Konstanz): Necessary and possible values: an experimental investigation of deontic modals and superlative modifiers

Schmitt, Viola (U Wien): Pluralities across semantic domains

Kamali, Beste (ZAS): Revisiting Turkish Intonation: Sentence Stress without Word Stress

Hamlaoui, Fatima (ZAS): Bàsàa object left-dislocation, topicalization and the syntax-phonology mapping of Intonation Phrases

Suranyi, Balazs (Hungarian Academy of Sciences): The prosodic marking of focus, contrast and givenness: A production study of Hungarian

Wilschko, Martina (UBC Vancouver): Discourse particles in the outer field. Towards a syntactic approach

Philips, Colin (U Maryland): Generating expectations and meanings in comprehension and production

Fabricius-Hansen, Cathrine (U Oslo): Ausbau vorne und hinten – wozu denn? Prä- versus postnominale Adjunktion in der deutschen Nominalphrase

Sohn, Hyangsook (Kyungpook National U): Phrasing and Focus in North Kyungsang Korean

Meyerhoff, Miriam (U Auckland/Victoria U, Wellington): Variation as foothold on grammar: Subject prefixing in Nkep

Hahn, Florian, Insa Lawler & Hannes Rieser (Bielefeld U): The Bielefeld Speech and Gesture Alignment Corpus

Steriopolo, Olga (ZAS Berlin): The nature of homophones: A syntactic approach

Pfeiler, Barbara (U Nacional Autónoma de México): The acquisition of ergative clitics in Mayan languages: a comparative approach

Nordhoff, Sebastian (Berlin): Embedding, enhancing and linking lexical and typological databases

Richter, Frank (U Tübingen): Green Twigs and the Value of Chanterelles: NPI licensing in Certain Embedded Clauses

Solstad, Torgrim (U Trondheim): The influence of verb semantics on discourse structure

McFadden, Thomas (U Tromsö): Towards a theory of the typology of clausal embedding

Eckardt, Regine (U Göttingen): Linguistics meets Literature

Ebert, Cornelia (U Stuttgart): Speech-accompanying gestures and multidimensional meaning

Öhl, Peter (U Frankfurt): The interaction between competence and performance in building (un-)grammatical structures

Crawford, Jean (U Connecticut): Children’s Early Passives are Verbal Passives: More Evidence from Sesotho

Andonova, Elena (New Bulgarian U): Assessment of early language development

Kurumada, Chigusa, Meredith Brown & Michael K. Tanenhaus (U Rochester, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences): Intonation and inference: A probabilistic approach to interpreting English contrastive prosody

Jäger, Florian (U Rochester): Zipf 2013: A perspective on the trade - off between robust information transfer and effort

Frank, Anette (U Heidelberg): Corpus-based Learning of Presupposition Relations between Verbs

Skopeteas, Stavros (U Bielefeld): Syntactic change and consequences for the interfaces: on the emergence of head-initial syntax in Caucasian Urum

McNally, Louise (U Pompeu Fabra): Reference to properties and via properties: inflectional and derivational strategies

Franco, Irene (U Leiden): Diachronic changes in the C-domain: evidence from Old Florentine

Hinterwimmer, Stefan (U Osnabrück): A comparison of the conditional complementizers 'if' and 'falls'

Wilder, Chris (NTNU, Trondheim): Why don't you be an imperative?

Diessel, Holger (U Jena): Grammatical schemas or syntactic rules? A usage-based analysis of the acquisition of English and German relative clauses

Zimmermann, Thomas Ede (U Frankfurt): Was es gibt und worüber man spricht: Ontologie und Bedeutung

Delfitto, Denis (U Verona): In search of the Self: Some thoughts on the cognitive and grammatical roots of attitudes de se

Féry, Caroline (U Frankfurt): Prosodic monsters and a new approach to extraposition in German

Steriopolo, Olga (ZAS): Expressive morphology in the higher nominal domain

Destruel Johnson, Emilie (U Iowa): Asymmetries and gradience in French focus marking and interpretation

Van Valin Jr., Robert D. (U Düsseldorf): Complex sentences and language acquisition

Kamali, Beste (ZAS): More on the interface properties of Yes/No questions in Turkish

Santorio, Paolo (U Leeds): On Binding Variables, Again and Again

Santorio, Paolo (U Leeds): Exhaustified Counterfactuals

López, Luis (U Illinois at Chicago): The syntax of code-switching

Döring, Sandra (U Leipzig): Parentheticals are - presumably - CPs

Altshuler, Daniel (U Düsseldorf): OCCASION, NARRATION or both?

Dürr, Michael (FU Berlin): Nominale Possession in der Maya-Sprache Ch'ol

Krifka, Manfred & Kilu von Prince (ZAS Berlin): Modality in Daakie and Daakaka (Ambrym, Vanuatu)

Foley, William (U Sydney): Clause Linkage in Yimas, a Papuan Language of New Guinea.

Gerstner-Link, Claudia (U München): Modality in Kilmeri, a Papuan language of New Guinea

Wilder, Chris (NTNU Trondheim): Two patterns of emphatic DO in English

Umbach, Carla (ZAS Berlin): Similarity demonstratives

Cohen, Ariel (Ben-Gurion-U, Be'er Sheva): Habituals, -er nominals, and types of modality

Suárez, José Antonio Medina (U Las Palmas de Gran Canaria): The EFL learning process of Spanish speakers: analysis of tense in the interlanguage system

Degen, Judith (U Rochester): Frequency and distribution of 'some' (but not 'all') implicatures

Jordens, Peter (U Amsterdam/MPI Nijmegen): Funktionale Kategorien im Erstspracherwerb

Gärtner, Hans-Martin (Hungarian Academy of Science): Pragmatic Markers in Hungarian

Benincasa, Marco (U Kassel): Syntaktische Kriterien der Koordination von Quantoren

Steriopolo, Olga (U British Columbia): Form and Function of Expressive Morphology: A Case Study of Russian

Trutkowski, Ewa (U Frankfurt): On topic drop in German

Baumann, Stefan (U Köln): Prosodie-Tutorium

Esling, John H. (U Victoria): The articulatory function of the larynx and the origins of speech

Mitterer, Holger (MPI for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen): Recognizing words that start 'wrong'

Hamlaoui, Fatima (U Frankfurt): Topicalization in Northwest Bantu Languages and the Syntax-Phonology Mapping of Intonation Phrases

Vate, Marleen van de: Splitting up Fin: Evidence from a radical creole

Sundaresan, Sandhya (U Tromsø): Monsters are more agreeable than anaphors: An argument from Tamil for the morphosyntactic representation of contextual features in clausal embedding

Sato, Yosuke (U Singapur): Successive Cyclicity at the Syntax-Phonology Interface: ‘Voices’ from Bahasa Indonesia

Onea, Edgar (U Göttingen): Questions and Questions

von Prince, Kilu (ZAS): Transitivität als Wortart-übergreifende Kategorie? (Vortrag mit Disputation im Rahmen des Promotionsverfahrens)

Hock, Hans Henrich (U Illinois): Typologie und historische Entwicklung der Relativsätze in südasiatischen Sprachen

Sandt, Rob van der (U Nijmegen): Accommodation or update. Gricean inferencing in a dynamic framework

Gülzow, Insa (ZAS; DRK Kliniken Westend): Objektpronomen: Herkunft und Erwerb

Boas, Hans (U Texas): Sprachtod in Texas: Interne und externe Faktoren im Texas-Deutschen

Menendez-Benito, Paula & Luis Alonso-Ovalle (U Göttingen, McGill ): Spanish indefinites and dependent plurality: the role of scalarity

Ross, Haj (U North Texas): Wh- and clauses: ­ what they do together, and in how many ways

Tomlinson, John M. (Cardiff U): Beyond information structure?: Intonation and pragmatic inference

Erschler, David (U Tübingen): Sluicing and the structure of left periphery: Evidence from Ossetic

Liu, Mingya (U Göttingen): The projective meaning of evaluative adverbs

Boef, Eefje (KNAW Amsterdam): Variation in the left periphery of embedded clauses: syntactic doubling in Dutch dialects

Abrusan, Marta (U Göttingen): Predicting the presuppositions of soft triggers

Aissen, Judith (UC Santa Cruz): Passive and the evolution of agent focus in Tzotzil

Sanders, Ted (U Utrecht): Causality and Subjectivity in discourse and cognition; on converging evidence in linguistics

Koizumi, Masatoshi (U Tohoku): On the Word Order Preference in the Kaqchikel Mayan Language

Rausch, Philip (HU Berlin): Affectedness as a factor for online argument linking: ERP data

Cresswell, M.J. (U Wellington): Semantics and Ontology

Buchwald, Martin (Dipl. Psychologe): Psychologische Tests im Vorschulalter – SON-R 2,5-7

Pearson, Hazel (Harvard): Predicates of personal taste in perspective

Delfitto, Denis (U Verona): On the meaning of the meaningless: What does 'expletive' negation stand for?

Kauschke, Christina (U Marburg): Die Schnittstelle 'Prosodie-Morphologie' im normalen und gestörten Spracherwerb

Chavula, Jean (U Leiden): Impersonal passives and passives of ditransitive constructions in Tumbuka

Peperkamp, Sharon (Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Paris): Experimental methods in adult speech perception

Krifka, Manfred (PB6): Fragen, Negation in Fragen und Beantwortung von Fragen in einer dynamischen Sprechakttheorie

Emonds, Joseph & Ludmila Veselovska (U Olomouc): The cross linguistic homes of Mood and Tense, with special reference to Czech and English

Patel-Grosz, Pritty (MIT): Complex reflexives and the Principle A problem

Grosz, Patrick G. (MIT): A semantic conspiracy: the case of optative particles

Henri, Fabiola (U Lille): Morphemic structure in Mauritian Creole: further evidence from English loanverbs

Metzner, Paul (U Potsdam): Do people differ in their use of heuristics in sentence processing?

Bruening, Benjamin (U Delaware): Toward a Typology of Non-Selected Arguments

Solt, Stephanie & Nicole Gotzner (ZAS Berlin & HU Berlin): Which ones are tall? On degrees, scales and comparison classes

Lekakou, Marika (U Frankfurt/M.): Towards a grammar of Greek nominals: evidence from polydefinites

Trouvain, Jürgen (U Saarbrücken): Dramatische Prosodie - sprechstilistische Besonderheiten in Fußball-Livekommentaren

van de Vate, Marleen (ZAS Berlin): An account of the stative vs. dynamic split in Saamaka

Buckler, Helen (MPI Nijmegen): T for two? The acquisition of voicing alternations in Dutch

van der Lely, Heather (Cambridge MA): Specific language impairment (SLI) 20 years on: What have we learned?

Versace, Stefano (U Strathclyde): A unified generative account of Italian endecasillabo

Trommer, Jochen (U Leipzig): Morphological length and morphological colors in Dinka

Charnavel, Isabelle (Paris/UCLA): On French possessive son propre: locality and scalarity

Beck, Luna (FU Berlin): Die komplexe Interaktion sprachlicher und emotionaler Kompetenz in der kindlichen Entwicklung

Coppock, Elizabeth (U Düsseldorf): Exclusive Relationships: What the single man, the only man, and the mere man have in common

Rochemont, Michael (UBC): Question answer congruence and focus phrase

Gärdenfors, Peter (U Lund): Event structure, conceptual spaces and the semantics of verbs

Wagner, Valentin (FU Berlin): On the flexibility of grammatical advance planning during sentence production

Trinh, Tue (MIT): Chain linearization and NP-Split in Vietnamese

Bradley, David (La Trobe): entfällt!

Skerra, Antje (ZAS): Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Verstehen und der Produktion von Pronomen und Konnektiven bei SES-Kindern

Falaus, Anamaria (University of the Basque Country): On the (non-)association with focus of epistemic indefinites

Tribushinina, Elena (U Utrecht): Acquisition of adjectives: Cognitive, pragmatic and linguistic factors

McCready, Eric (Aoyama Gakuin U): Emotives, Norms, and Equilibrium

Chen, Yiya (U Leiden): Representation and processing of pitch variation

Moltmann, Friederike (U Paris1/CNRS): 'The number of people that fit into the bus': Tropes with intensional bearers?

Wurmbrand, Susanne (U Connecticut): Reverse agree: consequences for the domain of QR

Drager, Katie (U Hawaii): Language as a tool for constructing identity

Hinterhölzl, Roland (U Venedig): Adenauer-sentences, referential acts and discourse anaphors in the interface between syntax and pragmatics

Grünloh, Thomas (MPI Nijmegen): Die Rolle der Intonation im Spracherwerb

Bittner, Dagmar (ZAS): Implizite Kausalität - eine empirische Studie zum Deutschen

Struckmeier, Volker (U Köln): Zur Architektur der Syntax: Was steuert Scrambling?

Booij, Geert (U Leiden/FU Berlin): Construction morphology: schemas, the hierarchical lexicon, and the role of paradigmatic relations

Bhatt, Rajesh (U Amherst): Locating agreement in grammar

Lobina, David J. (U Rovira i Virgili): Recursion in grammar and in the parser

Fisseni, Bernhard (U Duisburg-Essen): Focus intuitions and focus interpretation - experimental results and theoretical considerations

Ellert, Miriam (U Göttingen): L1- und L2-Verarbeitungsstrategien bei der Disambiguierung von Personal- und d-Pronomen: Eine Eye-tracking-Studie

Spalek, Katharina (HU Berlin): EEG-Daten als Evidenz für die phonologische Aktivation beider Sprachen in der bilingualen Sprachproduktion

Dor, Daniel (Tel Aviv U): Language as a communication technology: A proposal for a new linguistic theory

Roeper, Tom (U Mass Amherst): How exhaustivity dominates distributivity in the acquisition of 'each/every'

Schwartz, Jean-Luc (GIPSA-lab/ICP Grenoble): Audiovisual speech perception: Theories and models, data and questions (Tutorial)

Giavazzi, Maria (Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Equipe de Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle, Paris): The phonetic underpinnings of prosodic conditioning

Makasso, Emmanuel-Moselly (ZAS): Prosody and pragmatics of wh-particles in Bàsàa

Solstad, Torgrim (U Stuttgart): Prozessierung komplexer Ursachen im Diskurs: eine Eye-Tracking Studie

Marten, Lutz (SOAS, London): CONJ + PRON = ADD: The incremental interpretation of additive focus in Swahili

Bergmann, Pia (U Freiburg): Transkribieren von Gesprächsdaten nach GAT 2 – Segmentierung in Intonationsphrasen

Rialland, Annie & Martial Embanga Aborobongui (LPP, Paris): The intonational system of Embosi (Bantu, C25): a language with "superimposed" boundary tones

Lessmöllmann, Annette (Hochschule Darmstadt): Linguistik in den Medien

Stindt, Nicolás (HU Berlin): Subject personal pronouns in Spanish

Schmitt, Viola (U Frankfurt): The impact of syntactic structure on the interpretation of conjoined structures

Riedel, Kristina (SynPhonI): Objects and word order in Bantu

Valcheva, Eva & Sabine van der Ham (ZAS): The influence of implicit causality on the processing of pronouns in causal and additive relations

Storto, Luciana R. (U de São Paulo): Structure and meaning of constituent order variation in Karitiana narratives

Andonova, Elena (U Bremen): Frames of reference in dialogue and context

von Stechow, Arnim (U Tübingen): Definite and indefinite tense

Graf, Thomas (UCLA): Optimality conditions could care less about optimality

Bale, Alan (Concordia U, Montreal): Competition, scales and number marking

Lumsden, John (UQAM): The binary structure of fusional inflection

Adani, Flavia (U Potsdam): Investigating complex syntax in the first years of life: the case of relative clauses

Šimík, Radek (U Potsdam): Consequences of existence: A unified analysis of modal existential wh-constructions and purpose clauses

Stiebels, Barbara (ZAS): Zur Angemessenheit von morphologischen Positionsklassen

Mayr, Clemens (ZAS Berlin): Intervention effects in German wh-questions: Incompatible existential presuppostions and exhaustified true answers

Grosu, Alexander (U Tel Aviv): Internally-headed relatives (IHRs) in Japanese/Korean: The syntax-semantics-pragmatics division of labor

Hamlaoui, Fatima & Emmanuel-Moselly Makasso (LPP Paris/U Frankfurt & LPP Paris): Word order variation in Bàsàa wh-questions and answers

van der Ham, Sabine (U Groningen): The influence of discourse coherence in the on-line interpretation of disjoint pronouns in adults and children

Roberts, Craige (Ohio State U): only Part II: Projective Meaning

Nolda, Andreas (HU Berlin): Zur Wortbildung der Kardinalia im Deutschen

Topaj, Nathalie (ZAS): FREPY project: developing cross-linguistic multi-functional materials for language support

Büring, Daniel (UCLA): Wer bin ich, und wenn ja, wer noch? Exhaustivität in Clefts

Max, Ingolf (U Leipzig): Implikaturensensitive Konnektorenlogik

Jónsson, Sigurður (HI Reykjavik): Icelandic speech errors as linguistic evidence

Hinterhölzl, Roland (HU Berlin/U Venedig): A relation-based alternative to Dabert and Huniel

Irmer, Mathias (U Leipzig): Two types of bridging anaphora

Speyer, Augustin (U Marburg): Aspekte der Vorfeldbesetzung im Deutschen

Schlenker, Philippe (Ecole Normale Supérieure): Pronouns in Sign Language (ASL and LSF)

Büring, Daniel & Hubert Truckenbrodt (UCLA & ZAS): Eine Korrespondenztheorie der Syntax-Phonologie-Schnittstelle

Szendrői, Kriszta ((HAS/UCL)): Exhaustive focus is an answer

Gunlogson, Christine (U Rochester): Predicates of experience

Skopeteas, Stavros (U Potsdam/U Tübingen): Morphological marking of p-phrasing: enclitics in Yucatec Maya

Meyer, Roland (U Regensburg): Diachronic change in the C system of relatives and complement clauses in North Slavic languages

Brandt, Silke & Eileen Graf (MPI Leipzig, EVA): Form und Funktion von Relativsätzen im Spracherwerb & Informationsstrukturelle Untersuchungen zur Objektauslassung in transitiven und ditransitiven Sätzen

Champollion, Lucas (U Penn/PARC): The common core of distributivity, aspect, and measurement

Kügler, Frank & Susanne Genzel (U Potsdam): Akan tone in sentence perspective - information structure and downstep

Kaufmann, Stefan (Northwestern/Göttingen): Modal interpretations of temporal expressions

D'Imperio, Mariapaola (U de Provence): Local and global phrasing cues to information structure in Italian and French

Jessen, Anna (HU Berlin): Anaphorische Resolution und ihre Verarbeitung im tageszeitlichen Verlauf. Personalpronomen und Demonstrativpronomen im Vergleich.

Sternefeld, Wolfgang (U Tübingen): Zur Verarbeitung von einfachen Sätzen mit 2 Quantoren

Kaiaty, Mohamed (U Tübingen): Über sog. 'ergänzende wenn-Sätze' im Deutschen und Verbzweit-Sätze nach Präferenzprädikaten

Heck, Fabian (U Leipzig): Kategorien, Rekursion und bloße Phrasenstruktur

Shaer, Benjamin (Carleton U, Ottawa): The last antecedent rule, orphans, and the pragmatics of legal interpretation

Vicente, Luis (U Potsdam): A hybrid theory of Right Node Raising

Zweig, Eytan (U York): Distributivity asymmetries and the argument for events

Nolda, Andreas (HU Berlin): Morphological and syntactic conversion in German

Umbach, Carla (U Osnabrück): Another additive particle under stress: German additive 'noch'

Vinckel-Roisin, Helene (Paris-Sorbonne): Textstrukturierende Funktionen des Nachfeldes in Pressetexten

Gaeta, Livio (U Napoli "Federico II"): Die Unsichtbare Hand der Grammatikalisierung: Ersatzinfinitiv im Deutschen und das Präfix 'ge-'

Popescu, Vladimir (U Avignon): Can agents learn new linguistic constructions via delocutive derivation?

Hellmuth, Samantha (U York): What prosodic typology may tell us about prosodic phrasing: Why all languages may not be the same

Pesetsky, David (MIT): Russian case morphology and the syntactic categories

Lancia, Leonardo (LPL Aix-en-Provence): Interactions among factors promoting flexibility and plasticity in speech identification

Ramchand, Gillian (U Tromsø): Anchoring with tense and modals

Fabricius-Hansen, Cathrine (U Oslo): Restriktive vs. nichtrestriktive Modifikation: Versuch einer Begriffsklärung

Bertomeu, Núria & Anton Benz (ZAS Berlin): Choosing the right dialogue strategy

Koch, Karsten (ZAS Berlin): Contrastive topics in Salish: Phonological-phonetic and syntactic properties

Cummins, Chris (U Cambridge): Pragmatic interpretation and use of numerically-quantified expressions

Spychalska, Maria (Warszawa): An Experimental study on scalar implicatures of quantifiers 'most' and 'some'

Gerth, Sabrina & Peter beim Graben (U Potsdam & U Reading): A unification of symbolic and connectionist computation - A minimalist connectionist parser

Trutkowski, Ewa (U Potsdam): Über drei verschiedene Arten von Topik-Drop im Deutschen

Muskens, Reinhard (U Tilburg): Natural language, natural logic, and natural reasoning

Axel, Katrin (U Saarbrücken): Relativische Konstruktionen im älteren Deutschen

Velde, John te (U Oklahoma): V3 with left-dislocation in WestGermanic

Grohmann, Kleanthes K. (Cyprus): An overview of anti-locality in grammar

Lee, Seunghun (Central Connecticut State U/ZAS): The effect of depressor consonants on Digo phrasal tonology

Stechow, Arnim von (U Tübingen & Konstanz): Tense in extensional subordinate clauses (relative clauses, temporal adjunct clauses)

Härtl, Holden (HU Berlin): 'Ganz von selbst': Antikausativa sind nicht kausativ!

Andonova, Elena (U Bremen): Processing relative clause attachment ambiguity in Bulgarian monolingual and bilingual speakers

Raffman, Diana (U Toronto): Psychological hysteresis and the use of vague predicates

Souckova, Kaca (U Leiden): Pluractionality and event plurality in Hausa

Kliche, Fritz (IMS Stuttgart): Zur Semantik der Partikelverben auf ab-

Gerritsen, Magda (LMU München): Nachkorrektur von Ergebnissen einer optischen Charaktererkennung: HistBot - Ein Crawler für historische Seiten im World Wide Web

Oosthuizen, Johan (U Stellenbosch): Some syntactic aspects of obligatory reflexivity in Afrikaans

Popescu, Vladimir (Grenoble Institute of Technology): Mutualizing rhetorical perspectives in multi-party dialogues between speakers with misaligned preferences

Torfadóttir, Theódóra A. (U Islands): Event typology and aspectual classes in Icelandic: Testing the tests for the classification of verbs and VPs

Grimshaw, Jane (Rutgers): Quasi-subordination

Hall, Kathleen Currie (Ohio State U): The role of phonological relationships in perception

Zimmermann, Ilse (Potsdam): Das Geschäft der Kopula in italienischen Spaltsätzen

Grosu, Alexander (U Tel Aviv): Analytical approaches to three syntactic-semantic sub-classes of internally headed relative constructions

Grimm, Scott (Stanford): Number marking and individuation: A view from Dagaare

Kellert, Olga (FU Berlin): Multiple wh-exclamative constructions: Why do Russian and Japanese allow the option of multiple wh-exclamatives but other languages like English and French don't?

Grimm, Scott (Stanford): An empirical view on raising to subject

Gutzmann, Daniel (U Mainz): Modalpartikeln und Satzmodus

Coniglio, Marco (ZAS/Venedig): Italian modal particles: A comparison with German

van Leusen, Noor: Grammar theory across the board: Integrating sentence and text comprehension in logical description grammar

Solt, Stephanie (VAAG): On the semantics of adjectives of quantity

Marin, Stefania (LMU München): Modeling vowel to vowel temporal organization using TADA (Task Dynamic Application)

Lasersohn, Peter (U Illinois, Urbana-Champaign): Quantification and perspective in relative semantics

Petrone, Caterina (Downstep): Phonetic variability, modelling and representation in Italian tunes

Trinh, Tue Huu (MIT): On the indefiniteness effect in Vietnamese

Haida, Andreas & Sophie Repp (HU Berlin): Question word coordinations

Jager, Tikitu de (ILLC Amsterdam): A case study of attention: Sobel sequences

Jager, Tikitu de (ILLC Amsterdam): Models of attention

Franke, Michael (ILLC Amsterdam): Declarative and imperative meaning of signals

Franke, Michael (ILLC Amsterdam): Epistemic implicatures in the iterated best response model

Jager, Tikitu de (ILLC Amsterdam): Pragmatics of attention and possibility

Franke, Michael (ILLC Amsterdam): Anti-Exhaustivity from iterating best responses

Sumpf, Maria (Magdeburg): On topics in embedded sentences in German

Beaver, David (U Texas, Austin): Beyond the Logical Form of Action Sentences

Hall, Tracy Alan (Indiana University): Warum gibt es verrückte Regeln? Eine Fallstudie aus einem bairischen Dialekt

Rodgers, Blake (U Wisconsin-Madison): Expanding the set of acoustic features of the post-vocalic voicing contrast in English

Koch, Karsten (ZAS Berlin): Focus in Thompson River Salish

Obenauer, Hans-Georg (CNRS, Paris): Special Interrogatives - microvariation and the left periphery

Roussarie, Laurent (CNRS Paris): Epistemic modalities in question(s)

Reich, Uli (FU Berlin): Focus in French, Wolof and wolophone French

Dotlacil, Jakub (OTS Utrecht & ZAS Berlin): Long distance reciprocity in English

Hay, Jennifer (U Canterbury, New Zealand): Speech perception with attitude: Adventures on a fush/feesh continuum

Cohen, Arik (Ben Gurion U): Clarity, vagueness and collective judgement

Polinsky, Maria (Harvard): Relative puzzles: Embedded structures in Circassian

Hay, Jennifer (U Canterbury, New Zealand): Hearing /r/-sandhi: Exploring the degree to which NZers can 'hear' linking and intrusive /r/

Hay, Jennifer (U Canterbury, New Zealand): Coronal Stop Deletion Revisited: A large-scale analysis of coronal stop deletion in early New Zealand English

Lestrade, Sander (U Nijmegen): On the distribution of labor between spatial adpositions and locative case

Xiaohu, Feng (U of International Business and Economics, Beijing): Kognitive Linguistik in China

Blutner, Reinhard (ILLC Amsterdam): Ortho-Algebraic Semantics

Blutner, Reinhard (ILLC Amsterdam): Lectures on Ortho-Algebraic Semantics III

Blutner, Reinhard (ILLC Amsterdam): Lectures on Ortho-Algebraic Semantics II

Blutner, Reinhard (ILLC Amsterdam): Lectures on Ortho-Algebraic Semantics I

Zarrieß, Sina (U Potsdam): Inferenzbasierte Klassifikation von satzeinbettenden Verben

Spalek, Katharina (HU Berlin): Kleine Wörter: Was uns Artikel über Prozesse der Sprachproduktion verraten

Kato, Mary (U Campinas): Two types of wh-in-situ in Brasilian Portuguese

Law, Paul (City U Hong Kong): Null arguments and ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese

Waleschkowski, Eva (U Frankfurt/M. & U Mainz): Fokus in der Deutschen Gebärdensprache - Das Prinzip der minimalen Markierung

Abrusan, Marta (Institut Jean Nicod, Paris): Weak Islands and Contradiction

Jongh, Dick de (U Amsterdam): Learning to parse

Reis, Marga (U Tübingen): Zur Struktur (vor allem) konditionaler V1-Gefüge im Deutschen

Veenstra, Tonjes (ZAS): On the Clausal Structure of Verb Series

Kucerova, Ivona (UC London): Word Order in Czech and Recursive Givenness

Kasimir, Elke (PB6): The role of quotation marks

Trouvain, Jürgen (U Saarbrücken): Hilft Lachen beim Sprechen? - Zu non-verbalen Vokalisierungen als Diskursmarker

Möbius, Bernd, Hinrich Schütze, Travis Wade & Michael Walsh (U Stuttgart): Exemplar representation of structure and context in phonetics

Kasimir, Elke (PB6): Metalinguistic Quotation In Close Apposition

Neeleman, Ad (UC London): A Syntactic Typology of Topic, Focus and Contrast

Zerbian, Sabine (U Witwatersrand): Tone alignment in the verbal constituent in a Southern Bantu language

Hara, Yurie (Amsterdam): On Conditional Assertions and Topicality: a Case Study of Questions

Groenendijk, Jeroen (ILLC Amsterdam): Inquisitive Semantics and Pragmatics